初中英语知识点:现在完成进行时

编辑: 逍遥路 关键词: 初中英语 来源: 高中学习网


现在完成进行时:
是英语中,动词的一种基本时态,其构成为:主语+have/has+been+现在分词+其他成分。
基本结构:
I/we/theyhavebeen+动词的现在分词
He/she/ithasbeen+动词的现在分词
在当代英语中,现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。如:
Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well.
自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t had that much contact with him.
他并没有给我工作过,我和他没有过那许多接触。
否定句构成:
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词+其他
一般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他

现在完成进行时主要用法:
(一)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。
(动作还将继续下去)
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。
(动作还将继续下去)I study for English since 10 years ago.

(二)表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了
(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等)

(三)有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。
They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作五年了。

(四)大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)
我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.(动作已经完成)
我已经写了一本书。
They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。

(五)表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。
I have been knowing...
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢,hate讨厌,等等。
(六)一些现在完成时的句子也与现在完成进行时的句子含义相同
延续性动词在现在完成时与现在完成进行时时态中使用,句意相同。例如:
She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up.
She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.
(七)表示现在以前一直在进行的动作强调动作的未完成性
It has been raining for 3 days。



现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别:
1. 现在完成时强调动作的完成,而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续,因此,表示动作的完成,只能用现在完成时,而不能用现在完成进行时。如:
He has changed his idea. 他改变了想法。

2. 在表示动作的延续时,虽然既可用现在完成时,也可用现在完成进行时,但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行。
因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时,应用现在完成进行时。如:
We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这儿已经学习了两年了。

3. 在许多情况下,现在完成时表示动作已经完成,而现在完成进行时却并非如此。如:
He has cleaned the window. 他把窗户擦干净了。(动作已完成)
He has been cleaning the window. 他一直在擦窗户。(动作不一定完成)

4. 有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时,一般不能用于现在完成进行时。如:
I’ve known him for many years. 我认识他有许多年了。
The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很长时间。

5. 有少数动词(如live, work, teach, study等)用两种时态都可以,意思差别不大。如:
I’ve lived [been living] here for 30 years. 我在这儿住了30年了。
How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这里工作多久了?

6. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的相通性:在表达一个从过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时,某些动词既可以用现在完成时,也可以用现在完成进行时,如:
expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等。如:
你学习英语多久了?
正:How long have yon learnt English?
正:How long have you been learning English?
他已经睡了十个小时了。
正:He has slept for ten hours.
正:He has been sleeping for ten hours.


过去完成时与现在完成区别:
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;
现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。例:
I saw this film yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?
(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
(强调有包装,可能为不公平竞争。)

2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不确定的时间状语
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately例:
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。

3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例:
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.

4)句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.



与现在完成进行连用的主要时间状语:
现在完成进行时所用的时间状语:
all day / month; this month / week / year; these days; recently / lately; in the past few + 时间段; since +时间点; for + 时间段,等等。如:
He has been working all day. 他整天都在工作。
They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥。
They have been planting trees this month. 这个月来他们一直在植树。
Car sales have been shrinking recently. 汽车销量近来一直在下降。
Vera has been trying to learn Chinese for years. 维拉努力学汉语已有好几年了。
He has been sleeping for ten hours. 他已经睡了十个小时了。
Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week. 上星期,吉姆天天晚上都给詹妮打电话。
The two parties have been trying to unite since the New Year. 自从新年以来,双方就一直在试图联手。


相关初中英语知识点:分词

分词:
就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,
如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾语的性能。
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:
现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。
分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

现在分词构成形式:
①一般在动词原形末尾加ing,如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词,先去e,再加ing,如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing,如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
④以重读闭音节结尾的动词,并且末尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这一字母,再加ing,如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
注:结尾是x则不必双写,如relax→relaxing
⑤以ie结尾的动词,要把ie变成y再加ing,如die→dying,lie→lying.
⑥以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ing,如picnic→picnicking,traffic→trafficking


过去分词构成形式:
1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)
work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited
(2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
(5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed,
picnic→picnicked ,traffic→trafficked
2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表



分词用法:
1、分词作状语   
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。   
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
完成或被动关系用过去分词。   
①现在分词:
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.   
②过去分词:
Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.
Given better attention, the plants could grow better.   

2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构   
现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although,until, if等连词。   
①现在分词:
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……   
②过去分词:
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.   
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.   

3、分词作定语   
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。   
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.   
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!   
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.   
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.   
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries   

4、分词作宾语补足语   
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
例:I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.

5、分词作表语
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;
①过去分词:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
②现在分词:
He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.
很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.




相关初中英语知识点:一般过去时

一般过去时:
表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
基本结构:
主语+动词过去式+其他;
否定形式①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词;
一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。

一般过去时句法结构:
肯定形式
主语+动词过去式+其他
例句:She often came to help us in those days.
否定形式
①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
例句:I didn't know you like coffee
一般疑问句
①Did+主语+do+其他? ②Was\Were+主语+表语?
例句:Did I do that?
用表格整理如下:































肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式
IworkedDid I work?I did not workDid I not work?
He(She,It) workedDid he(she,it) work?He(she,it) did not workDid he(she,it) notwork?
We workedDid we work?We did not workDid we not work?
You workedDid you work?You did not workDid you not work?
They workedDid they work?They did not workDid they not work?
记忆口诀:
一般过去时并不难,过去动作、状态记心间。
动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。
否定句很简单,didn't 站在动原前,其它部分不要变。
一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动原、其它部分依次站。
特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记!

一般过去时中动词过去式变化规则:































构成


举例


一般情况


词尾+ed


动词原形


过去式和过去分词


look
talk


looked
talked


以不发音字母e结尾


词尾+d


like
arrive


liked
arrived


以“辅以字母+y”结尾


变y为i,再加ed


fly
study


flied
studied


以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母


双写词尾+ed


stop
plan


stopped
planned


结构句型:

1.一般句子
I watched TV last night.
2.一般疑问句
Did you watch TV last night?
3.there be 句型
There was an apple on the table last night.
Was there an apple on the table last night

一般过去时注意事项:
1.注意主句与从句中时态的一致性
如果主句用了过去时,从句中一般也要用过去式,或者过去进行时、过去完成时等。例如:
He believed that he was right. 他相信自己是对的。
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
I thought they were with you. 我以为他们和你在一起。

2.在口语中, 一般过去时并不一定指真正的过去,而只是表示一种礼貌性语气。例如:
I wondered (wonder) if you could do me a favor. 不知你可否帮我一个忙。
I wanted (want) to ask if I could borrow your car. 我想问问可否借用你的车。
I hoped (hope) you could (can) give me some advice. 我希望你能帮我出点主意。
Did (Do) you want to see me? 你想见我吗?

3.used to
used to 是一个词组,表示“过去曾经是……而现在已经停止了”的动作。例如:
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。(而现在不这样了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(而现在不在早晨散步了)

一般过去式用法:
(1)一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。
一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去的事情。
句式:主语+动词过去式+宾语+其它
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨,我跟茱莉雅说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子,抽烟抽得可凶了。

(2) 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如:
yesterday,last week ,in the past ,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when 等等.
(句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时,取决于动作是否对现在有影响)。
Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗?(你现在不饿吗?)
Yes,I have. 是的,我已经吃过了。(已经吃饱了,不想再吃了。)
When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的?(关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。)
I had it about ten minutes ago. 我大约是十分钟以前吃的。)
Used to do something 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。
I ate it at 6:45。我在六点四十五分吃了。

(3)带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时。如:
yesterday(昨天)、two days ago…(两天前…… )、last year…(去年…)、the other day(前几天)、
once upon a time(很久以前)、 just now(刚才)、in the old days(过去的日子里)、before liberation(解放前…)、
When I was 8 years old(当我八岁时…)、at+一个时间点
Did you have a party the other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗?
Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。
注:在谈到已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。

(4)表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时。这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died.
那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了。

(5)表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always,never等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
(只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。)
比较:
Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。
(说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞)
Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella.彼得太太 总是带着一把伞。
(表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦)
I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。
(不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒)

(6)如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do(过去常常做,而现在不那样做了)
He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
(意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。
(意味着现在不在早晨散步了)
比较:
I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。
(只是说明过去这一动作)

(7)有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时。
I didn''t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。
(因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.)
I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。
(这句话应是在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病)

一般过去时三变技巧:
一变:肯定句变为否定句
技巧1.当句中含有情态动词或助动词could,would,should等时,可直接在其后面加not构成否定句。例如:
I could get you a concert ticket. → I could not / couldn't get you a concert ticket.
技巧2.当句中含有系动词was,were 时,可直接在其后加not构成否定句。例如:
I was on the Internet when you called me. → I was not / wasn't on the Internet when you called me.
技巧3.当句中谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在该动词之前加did not / didn't,动词还原,构成否定句。例如:
The famous singer sang some Chinese songs. → The famous singer did not / didn't sing any Chinese songs.

二变:陈述句变为一般疑问句
技巧1.移动词语的位置。将was,were, could,would,should等移到句首。例如:
He could pack his things himself. → Could he pack his things himself?
技巧2.添加助动词did。谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在主语之前加did,动词还原。例如:
Mr Li looked very old. → Did Mr Li look very old?

三变:陈述句变为特殊疑问句
技巧1.确定疑问词:人who / whom,物what,地点where,时间when / what time,原因why,频率how often,长度how long,距离how far等等。例如:
They gave the concert last night. → When did they give the concert?
技巧2.辨认结构形式:疑问词+情态动词/助动词/ was / were / did +主语+...? 例如:
The accident happened near the station. → Where did the accident happen?


相关初中英语知识点:现在进行时

现在进行时:
表示现在或当前一段时间正在进行的动作。可以表示有计划的未来,也就是用现在进行时表示将来。
现在进行时的构成是:
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式
例如:He is writing on the desk.


现在进行时的构成:
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式
第一人称单数I+am+ing.
第一人称复数We+are+ing.
第二人称单(复)数 You+are+ing
第三人称单数 He(She,it)+is+ing
第三人称复数 They+are+ing
肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+现在分词
否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+现在分词
一般疑问句:be(is/am/are)+主语+现在分词
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+Sth?
间接引语中改为过去进行时。

变化规则:
1.直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing 变sleeping)
2.去掉不发音的e+ing(例:bite-e+ing 变biting)
3.重读闭音节,以辅音字母加元音字母加辅音字母结尾的词,要双写尾字母再加ing(例:swim+m+ing=swimming)
4.以ie结尾的重读闭音节,变ie为y+ing (例:die-dying lie-lying)
5结尾为c且c读作/k/时,在结尾加k再加ing,如picnic-picnicking



现在进行时与一般现在时的区别:
(一)现在进行时表示动作的暂时性,而一般现在时表示动作的习惯性和经常性
I am watching TV now. (暂时性)
I watch TV every day. (经常性)
(二)现在进行时可表示短暂性动作,而一般现在时表示长久性动作。
Lucy is living in Beijing.(短时间居住)
Lucy lives in Beijing. (长久性居住)
(三)现在进行时表示的动作可带有感情色彩,而一般现在时所表述的动作通常是事实。
You’re always forgetting the most important things. (责备)
He is always helping others. (赞扬)
He often helps others. (事实)
(四)有些动词不能用进行时,know, understand, love, like, hate, wish, want, think, hope, have, believe, agree, hear, see, notice,等等。
这些动词通常用一般现在时表示说话时发生的动作。
I have a lot of friends here.
She wants to buy a new bike.

现在进行时用法注意:
1.进行时中,并不是所有的动词都要使用正在进行时。
例如一些表示状态和感觉的动词,一般不用进行时态,而是用现在一般时表示。
这些动词往往是等表示情感状态、知觉认识、愿望或短暂性的动词。
例如:see(明白),know, want, like, hear, have(有), think, hope, hate等。
I hear someone singing. 我正听见有人唱歌。
Do you see anyone over there? 你看到那里有什么人吗?
What does he think of it? 他觉得这怎么样?
如果这些词使用正在进行时态,句子带有某种感情色彩。例如:
Are you seeing someone off? 你在给谁送行吗?
They are hearing an English talk. 他们在听一个英语报告。

2.现在进行时还有另外一种含义,即它们能表达即将发生的事情,相当于一般将来时。
有些动词从结构来看是现在进行时,但却是表示将要发生的事,而不表示动作现在正在进行。
这些动词往往是一些表示位置移动变化的动词:arrive, come, do, get, go, have, leave, meet, play, return, see, spend, start, stay, wear, work等。
We are leaving on Friday。我们星期五出发。
Are you going anywhere tomorrow?你明天准备去哪儿?
A foreign guest is giving a lecture this afternoon。今天下午一个外国客人将给我们作报告。
Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这里呆到下个星期吗?
在表示将来的情况下,特别是be going to do sth. 这种结构,已经没有多少“去”的意思了,几乎就是用来表达“将要、打算”做什么事情。例如:
It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。明天很可能非常冷。
She is not going to speak at the meeting。她不打算在那个会上发言。

3.当其与always、forever、continually、constantly 等副词连用时表示重复的动作,而这种动作可能使人不满,厌倦或满意。例如:
①She is perpetually interfering in my affairs.她老是干预我的事。 (不满)
②The students are making progress constantly.学生们在不断进步。 (满意)

4.在时间、条件状语从句中,有时可用现在进行时代替一般将来时。
When you are passing my way,please drop in.
你什么时候路过我家,请进来坐。



现在进行时的用法:
A表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
例:We are waiting for you.
B. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作,说话时未必正在进行。
例:Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
例:She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
C.已经确定或安排好的但不确定会不会发生的将来活动。
I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.(我下周要去尼泊尔旅行)
We're flying to Paris tomorrow.(我们明天乘飞机去巴黎)现在进行时的应用
D .些非持续性动词的进行时可以表示动作即将进行或发生,或表示动作的重复。
例如:He is joining the army.
E.当现在进行时中有always, forever, constantly, continually修饰时,表示说话人的
赞赏或厌烦的情绪。
例如:They are always helping us.
注意:表示状态、感觉、心理活动的静态动词时,一般不使用进行时态。
F.子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。如:
They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。
G.ook, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。如:
Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌。
H.当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时。如:
We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。
I.图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如:
Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。

本文来自:逍遥右脑记忆 http://www.jiyifa.net/chuzhong/283108.html

相关阅读:初中英语知识点:日常生活类阅读