聪明人是怎么读书的？

我想我们大家肯定都有过这样一种感受，当我们读完一本书后，合上书，闭上眼，再想它的内容时，会发现，“我TMD刚刚到底读了个啥？！”

阅读和运用阅读过的知识是完全不同的两码事。

没有目的和意图的阅读，我们从中所获得的知识和想法就会很容易遗忘。所以我们要明白我们的记忆是怎么工作的。

那我们到底应该怎么阅读呢？

Quora用户Jory MacKay??一位书痴编辑??给出了他的答案??

For the purposes of reading retention, we can think of our memory as being basically made up of three components: Impression, Association, and Repetition.

为了阅读记忆的目的，我们可以认为记忆基本上由三部分组成? 印象、关联和重复。

I'm going to run through how to make sure you're using all three of these components while reading, and then look at how some of the best creative minds read and use what they've read to the.

接下来，我会给大家讲讲在阅读时，我们应该怎样确保这三个部分的使用，然后看看那些最具创意的人是如何阅读的，又是如何运用他们所读过的内容的。

Impression - Read to be impressed (and to impress others)

印象 ??给自己留下印象（和给别人留下印象）

When you're impressed by something, there's a much higher probability that you'll remember it.

当你对某些事物印象深刻时，你记住它的机率会比较高。

This could mean a phrase or quote that catches you off guard or changes the way you think about a certain topic. Or an interesting fact that you'll want to teach someone later on.

可能是一句话或某句名言，让你猝不及防，并改变了你思考某一问题的思路。也可能是一件有趣的事，你想要把它告诉别人。

Just like a teacher is able to master a subject because they know they'll be teaching it later on, attacking a book with the same level of purpose means you'll be able to recall information a lot quicker.

就像一位老师能够掌握一门学科，因为他们知道他们以后会教这门课；同样地，为了达到相同的水平去读书，这就意味着你能够更快的回忆起很多信息。

A recent study in the journal Memory & Cognition, showed the effect that reading with intention and purpose can have. Two groups were given the same material to read?one was told they'd have a test at the end, while the others were told they'd have to teach someone the material.

最近在《记忆与认知》杂志上的一项研究表明了有意图和目的的阅读的作用。参加研究的人被分为两组，给了这两组人员相同的阅读材料，其中一组被告知结束时会对他们进行一个测试，而另一组则被要求他们把阅读材料教给他人。

In the end, both groups were given the same test. Surprisingly, the group that was told they'd have to teach the material (rather than be tested on it) performed much better:

最后，两组均给予相同的测试。出人意料的是，被要求教授材料的那一组（而不是被要求测试的）表现的更好?

“When compared to learners expecting a test, learners expecting to teach recalled more material correctly, they organized their recall more effectively and they had better memory for especially important information.”

"相比于期望测试的学习者，那些期待教学的学习者能够正确地回顾更多的材料，他们能更有效地组织记忆，而且能够记住更多的尤其是重要的信息。"

Having a clear question in mind or a topic you're focusing on can make all the difference in helping you to remember and recall information.

在头脑中有一个清晰的问题或者专注于一个主题都可以帮助你记住和回忆不同的信息。

While this can be as easy as defining a subject to look into beforehand, if time is no object here's how to effectively 'hack' your brain into being impressed with the subject matter:

这就像我们要定义一个目标，就要事先去了解研究它一样，如果时间不成问题，重要的就是怎样去冲击我们的大脑，让我们加深对目标的印象：

Before reading

阅读之前

Ruin the ending. Read reviews and summaries of the work.

读透结尾。读这本书的评论和总结。

You're trying to learn why something happened, so the what is secondary. Frame your reading with knowledge around the subject and perspective of what's being said and how it relates to the larger topic.

如果你想了解为什么发生这些事情，那么，“发生了什么”就是次要的。我们要做的就是，把所写内容的主题思想构建一个框架，思考它是如何与更大的主题联系起来的。

During reading

阅读期间

As you read, have a specific purpose in mind and stick to it. Don't let your mind be the river that sweeps your thoughts away as you read.

当你阅读时，头脑中要有一个具体的目标，然后坚持去做。不要让你的大脑变成一条河流，冲走你在阅读时产生的想法。

Be a ruthless notetaker. Your librarian might kill you for this, but using a technique such as marginalia (writing notes in the margin and marking up key patterns for follow ups), will make you a more active reader and help lock information in your memory.

要做一个冷酷的的记录员。你的图书管理员可能因此杀了你，但是使用旁注（在页边空白处写笔记并且标记重点句式）这样的技巧，会让你成为一个更积极的读者，而且能帮助你在记忆中锁定信息。

After reading

阅读之后

Engage with the material. Write a high-level idea of the main ideas you want to recall or use, research supporting topics and ideas noting how they connect with what you've read, and then present, discuss, or write about your final ideas.

深入研究材料。把主要观点提炼成一个你能够回忆和使用的高层次的概念，研究支撑它的话题和意见，记录它们是怎样与你已经读过的内容联系起来的，然后提出、讨论，或写下你最后的想法。

Association - Make associations with what you already know

联系??与已有知识建立联系

Association is a peg upon which you hang a new idea, fact, or figure. When you know where the peg is located, it's a lot easier to find what you've hung upon it.

我们可以把联系想成一棵树的支干，你要把新的想法、事实或数据挂上去。当你知道每个支干所在的位置时，就很容易做到了。

As you read and come across new ideas and thoughts, you'll want to connect and associate these with familiar memories as a means of creating a bond between old and new.

当你阅读并产生新的观点和想法时，你会把这些新的观点与之前熟知的记忆联系起来，这就是在新旧知识之间建立联系的一种方式。

There are many different ways to create associations in your mind, from pairing new thoughts with familiar objects, to creating acronyms.

其实有许多不同的方式在脑海里创建关联，比如把新想法与熟悉的事物组合起来，创造一个缩写词。

Many champion memorizers (there is such a thing) talk about creating a memory palace?a mental map in their mind where they store information. Each memory is connected to a 'physical' place in their mind, so as they walk through the palace they can 'find' what they were looking for, just like you or I would walk through the house looking for our keys.

许多优秀的记忆者谈论创造记忆宫殿 ? ? 它们将信息存储在他们的思维导图中。每一段记忆被连接到一个 “客观存在”的地方，所以当他们穿过宫殿时，他们可以 “找到”他们在寻找的东西，就像我们在房子里寻找钥匙一样。

The information 'sticks out' because it's in contrast to the 'physical' locations in your mind.

信息能被“找出”是因为它是头脑里相比之下最 “客观存在” 的位置。

Our brain's work much better with visuals than they do with words and abstract thoughts alone. Connecting a memory with a location or visual makes it much easier to recall.

相比于单一的语言和抽象思维，我们的大脑在视觉图像下能更好的工作。把记忆与存储位置或视觉图像联系起来更容易记住信息。

Repetition - Repeat, revisit, and re-engage

重复 ? ? 重复，再浏览，重新组合

The final factor influencing our memory, and the one that is most important for long-term memorization, is repetition. Without revisiting or re-engaging with the material that you've read, there's a pretty low chance you'll be able to remember and apply any of that knowledge in the real world.

最后一个影响我们记忆和长期记忆的因素是重复。如果没有重新浏览或重新结合你读过的材料，那么你在现实世界中能够记住并应用这些知识的几率会相当低。

This doesn't necessarily mean you need to read through the book multiple times (although that does help). But rather, that you need to have a method for taking and organizing notes around the key parts you want to revisit later on.