非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH)

1、还原性:

4HCl(浓)+MnO2 MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O

4H++2Cl–+MnO2 Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O

4HCl(浓)+PbO2 PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O

4H++2Cl–+PbO2 Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O

4HCl(g)+O2 2Cl2+2H2O

16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O

16 H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O

6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O

6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O

14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O

14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O

2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2

2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)

2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)

2H2S+3O2(足量) 2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量) 2S↓+2H2O

2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O

3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O

3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O

5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O

5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O

3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O

3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2O

H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH

H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na++ +

2NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O

2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl

NH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2O

NH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O

4NH3+3O2(纯氧) 2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O2 4NO+6H2O

4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO)

NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑ (生氢剂)

NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑

4NaH+TiCl4 Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑ CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑

2、酸性:

4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻)

4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑

2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑

H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应)

H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+

H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3

H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+

H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HCl

H2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+

H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3 (铅试纸检验空气中H2S)

H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+

H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)

2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑ (NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑)

3、NH3的碱性：

NH3+HX===NH4X (X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)

NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3 NH3+H+=NH4+

2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4 NH3+H+=NH4+

NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打)

NH3+H2S==NH4HS NH3+H2S=NH4++HS-

4、不稳定性：

2HF H2+F2 2HCl H2+Cl2 2H2O 2H2+O2

2H2O2===2H2O+O2 H2S H2+S 2NH3 N2+3H2

2HI H2+I2

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