常考词的语法与用法:excuse, exercise, exhibition, exist, exp

编辑: 逍遥路 关键词: 高中英语 来源: 高中学习网

◆excuse n. & v.

1. 用作名词,表示“借口”或“理由”,是可数名词;表示做某事的借口或理由,通常用介词 for。如:

There is no excuse for such rudeness. 做出那样粗鲁的行为是没有理由的。

She’s always making excuses for being late. 她迟到总是有借口。

有时其后可接不定式(尤其是表示未发生的动作时)。如:

She wanted an excuse to be at the bus stop when Bill got off. 当比尔走时,她想找个借口去车站。

注:在某些固定短语,excuse 是不可数名词。如:

Those who are absent without (good) excuse will be dismissed. 那些无故不到的人将被除名。

2. 用作动词,通常是及物动词,其后除接名词或代词作宾语外,还接动名词(常带有逻辑主语)作宾语(注:不接不定式作宾语)。如:

Can you excuse his fault? 你能原谅他的错误吗?

I won’t excuse you a second time. 下一次我可不原谅你。

Excuse my opening your letter by mistake. 请原谅我错开了你的信。

表示原谅的原因,通常用介词 for。如:

He excused her for being late. /He excused her being late.

他原谅她迟到。

◆exercise n.

1. 表示为了健康而进行的体格方面的锻炼或运动,通常是不可数名词(常与 take, do, get 等动词连用)。如:

Exercise makes one strong. 运动使人强壮。

If you don’t take [get] more exercise you’ll get fat. 你如果不多作运动,你会发胖的。

Do at least fifteen minutes’ exercise each day. 每天至少做15分钟的锻炼。

偶尔也可与不定冠词连用,表示一种运动。如:

Walking is (a) good exercise. 散步是(一种)很好的运动。

2. 表示身体各部位的训练以及各种技能技巧的训练等,通常是可数名词。如:

He does exercises to strengthen his voice. 他训练嗓音。

We’ll do some exercises in grammar this afternoon. 今天下午我们要做一些语法练习。

We do morning exercises every day. 我们每天做早操。

Will you attend the graduation exercises? 你将出席毕业典礼吗?

◆exhibition n.

1. 表示“举办展览”,通常用动词 have, hold, give, put on 等。如:

She will have [hold, give, put on] an exhibition of herpictures. 她将举办个人作品画展。

2. 用于 on exhibition(在展览)这一短语,通常不用冠词或其他限定词。如:

Some of the students’ paintings are now on exhibition at the school. 有些学生的画现正在学校展出。

注:有时也用 on exhibit(在展出)。如:

On exhibit are new products of industry and agriculture. 展出的是工农业的新产品。

◆exist v.

1. 表示“存在”、“有”、“活着”,通常只用作不及物动词,因此没有被动语态,且通常不用于进行时。如:

We don’t believe ghosts exist. 我们不相信有鬼存在。

Salt exists in many things. 许多东西中含有盐。

要表示“靠……生活”,通常用介词 on。如:

He exists on rice and water. 他靠吃米饭和喝水过活。

I can hardly exist on the wage I’m getting. 我挣的工资简直难以糊口。

2. 可用于 There exist……句式。如:

There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies. 两个物体之间永远存在着吸引力。

◆expect v.

1. 表示“期待”、“期望”,通常用作及物动词,不要受汉语的影响在其后误加介词 for。如:

我在等她的电话。

误:I’m expecting for a telephone call from her.

正:I’m expecting a telephone call from her.

我们不能期望一夜之间就取得成功。

误:We should not expect for success overnight.

正:We should not expect success overnight.

2. 不要认为 expect

I expect a storm. 我预计会有场暴风雨来。

I expect to be back on Sunday. /I expect that I will be back on Sunday. 我预计星期日回来。

有时可用于不好的方面。如:

He expects to fail the exam. 他预料自己考试不会及格。

3. 其后可接不定式或不定式的复合结构,但不能接动名词。如:

I expect to finish the work by Friday. 我期望能在星期五以前完成此工作。

He expected her to go with him. 他期望她同他一起去。

4. 其后可接 that 从句,若从句谓语为否定,注意否定的转移。如:

I don’t expect that he has done such a thing. 我预料他不会干出这种事来。

在口语中有可表示“想”或“揣想”。如:

I expect you’re tired. 我想你是累了吧。

其后可接 that 从句,但不接 wh 从句,若遇有疑问词,则要使用“疑问词+do you expect……”这样的句式。如:

你想什么时候离开?

误:Do you expect when you will leave?

误:Do you expect when to leave?

正:When do you expect to leave?

在简略回答中,expect 后的 that 从句可用so(肯定)或 not(否定)代替。如: A:Will he come back soon? 他很快会回来吗?

B:I expect so (I expect not). 我想是的(我看不会)。

4. 表示过去未曾实现的想法或打算,通常用过去完成时,但在一定的上下文当中,只要意思清楚,也可只用一般过去时。如:

I had expected to come early, but I missed the early bus. 我本来想早点来的,但未赶上早班车。

We expected him to arrive yesterday. 我们原以为他昨天就会到的。

有时在其后接不定式的完成式。如上面第一句也可改成:

I expected to have come early, but I missed the early bus.

5. 注意以下与 as 和 than 连用的句子

He returned three days earlier than (he was) expected. 他回来的时间比预料的要早三天。

As might have been expected, he won first prize. 正如所料,他获得了一等奖。

The machine, as might be expected, has stopped operating. 正如所料,这台机器已停止运转。


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