◆excuse n. & v.
1. 用作名词,表示“借口”或“理由”,是可数名词;表示做某事的借口或理由,通常用介词 for。如:
There is no excuse for such rudeness. 做出那样粗鲁的行为是没有理由的。
She’s always making excuses for being late. 她迟到总是有借口。
有时其后可接不定式(尤其是表示未发生的动作时)。如:
She wanted an excuse to be at the bus stop when Bill got off. 当比尔走时,她想找个借口去车站。
注:在某些固定短语,excuse 是不可数名词。如:
Those who are absent without (good) excuse will be dismissed. 那些无故不到的人将被除名。
2. 用作动词,通常是及物动词,其后除接名词或代词作宾语外,还接动名词(常带有逻辑主语)作宾语(注:不接不定式作宾语)。如:
Can you excuse his fault? 你能原谅他的错误吗?
I won’t excuse you a second time. 下一次我可不原谅你。
Excuse my opening your letter by mistake. 请原谅我错开了你的信。
表示原谅的原因,通常用介词 for。如:
He excused her for being late. /He excused her being late.
他原谅她迟到。
◆exercise n.
1. 表示为了健康而进行的体格方面的锻炼或运动,通常是不可数名词(常与 take, do, get 等动词连用)。如:
Exercise makes one strong. 运动使人强壮。
If you don’t take [get] more exercise you’ll get fat. 你如果不多作运动,你会发胖的。
Do at least fifteen minutes’ exercise each day. 每天至少做15分钟的锻炼。
偶尔也可与不定冠词连用,表示一种运动。如:
Walking is (a) good exercise. 散步是(一种)很好的运动。
2. 表示身体各部位的训练以及各种技能技巧的训练等,通常是可数名词。如:
He does exercises to strengthen his voice. 他训练嗓音。
We’ll do some exercises in grammar this afternoon. 今天下午我们要做一些语法练习。
We do morning exercises every day. 我们每天做早操。
Will you attend the graduation exercises? 你将出席毕业典礼吗?
◆exhibition n.
1. 表示“举办展览”,通常用动词 have, hold, give, put on 等。如:
She will have [hold, give, put on] an exhibition of herpictures. 她将举办个人作品画展。
2. 用于 on exhibition(在展览)这一短语,通常不用冠词或其他限定词。如:
Some of the students’ paintings are now on exhibition at the school. 有些学生的画现正在学校展出。
注:有时也用 on exhibit(在展出)。如:
On exhibit are new products of industry and agriculture. 展出的是工农业的新产品。
◆exist v.
1. 表示“存在”、“有”、“活着”,通常只用作不及物动词,因此没有被动语态,且通常不用于进行时。如:
We don’t believe ghosts exist. 我们不相信有鬼存在。
Salt exists in many things. 许多东西中含有盐。
要表示“靠……生活”,通常用介词 on。如:
He exists on rice and water. 他靠吃米饭和喝水过活。
I can hardly exist on the wage I’m getting. 我挣的工资简直难以糊口。
2. 可用于 There exist……句式。如:
There always exists a force of attraction between two bodies. 两个物体之间永远存在着吸引力。
◆expect v.
1. 表示“期待”、“期望”,通常用作及物动词,不要受汉语的影响在其后误加介词 for。如:
我在等她的电话。
误:I’m expecting for a telephone call from her.
正:I’m expecting a telephone call from her.
我们不能期望一夜之间就取得成功。
误:We should not expect for success overnight.
正:We should not expect success overnight.
2. 不要认为 expect
I expect a storm. 我预计会有场暴风雨来。
I expect to be back on Sunday. /I expect that I will be back on Sunday. 我预计星期日回来。
有时可用于不好的方面。如:
He expects to fail the exam. 他预料自己考试不会及格。
3. 其后可接不定式或不定式的复合结构,但不能接动名词。如:
I expect to finish the work by Friday. 我期望能在星期五以前完成此工作。
He expected her to go with him. 他期望她同他一起去。
4. 其后可接 that 从句,若从句谓语为否定,注意否定的转移。如:
I don’t expect that he has done such a thing. 我预料他不会干出这种事来。
在口语中有可表示“想”或“揣想”。如:
I expect you’re tired. 我想你是累了吧。
其后可接 that 从句,但不接 wh 从句,若遇有疑问词,则要使用“疑问词+do you expect……”这样的句式。如:
你想什么时候离开?
误:Do you expect when you will leave?
误:Do you expect when to leave?
正:When do you expect to leave?
在简略回答中,expect 后的 that 从句可用so(肯定)或 not(否定)代替。如: A:Will he come back soon? 他很快会回来吗?
B:I expect so (I expect not). 我想是的(我看不会)。
4. 表示过去未曾实现的想法或打算,通常用过去完成时,但在一定的上下文当中,只要意思清楚,也可只用一般过去时。如:
I had expected to come early, but I missed the early bus. 我本来想早点来的,但未赶上早班车。
We expected him to arrive yesterday. 我们原以为他昨天就会到的。
有时在其后接不定式的完成式。如上面第一句也可改成:
I expected to have come early, but I missed the early bus.
5. 注意以下与 as 和 than 连用的句子:
He returned three days earlier than (he was) expected. 他回来的时间比预料的要早三天。
As might have been expected, he won first prize. 正如所料,他获得了一等奖。
The machine, as might be expected, has stopped operating. 正如所料,这台机器已停止运转。
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