【摘 要】分析高考阅读理解真题有助于发现教学中存在的问题,改进英语教学方法,从而提高教学效率。以2011年湖北高考英语试卷阅读理解D篇中出现的定语及定语从句为例,本文笔者进行了一次教学实践,探讨了对定语(从句)的理解如何影响我们学生的阅读理解;试图在此基础上思考其对高中学段的英语定语(从句)这一重要语法知识点的教学反拨意义,并提出定语(从句)的教学建议:我们的教学不能只满足于基本知识技能的传授,还要上升到认得出、懂得了、用的好这一教学层面。
【关键词】定语从句 阅读理解 教学反拨 思考 教学建议
高考阅读理解语篇中,常常大面积出现定语或定语从句这一语法现象,使得语篇的理解难度增加,而由定语或定语从句构成的复杂成分及长难句,更是令学生头痛,令老师头大。湖北省2011年高考英语试题阅读理解D语篇就是一个典型的例证:(全文见附录,以便大家参考。黑体部分系笔者加注之定语或定语从句部分)
这篇阅读理解语篇堪称经典。文章使用了大量的定语成分。可以毫不夸张的讲,不能识别并理解这些定语成分,就无法运用这些定语(从句)高效准确地判定第64、65、66小题的正确选项,也就无法完成阅读理解任务。尤其是第66小题的阅读理解,如果不能准确理解那个由几个定语从句构成的长难句,就不能准确定位我们的答案。诚然我们还有许多其他的阅读技巧可以避开这些难懂的深奥的定语(从句),但在高考那么紧张的环境里,恐怕再多的技巧也顶不上对文章意义透彻的理解来的实在,来的可靠,再好的技巧也必须建立在对文章意义的理解之上。我们的学生在那样的紧张环境里可能还是会习惯性的选择逐句的理解,并在此基础上做题。因此,学生们在高考或各级各类考试实战中对这些定语(从句)能不能认得出、懂得了、用得好,就显得格外重要(一如“神州八号”与“天宫一号”交会对接的原则要求一样要找得到、接得好、飞得稳)。而这正是笔者所思考的对我们平时的定语(从句)的教学的反拨意义之所在。
笔者在高三复习定语从句后,有意事先不做任何提示和预告,把这篇文章印发给学生进行随堂阅读理解练习。结果很令人吃惊。能把四题都答对的几乎没有,能答对两个的竟然也不多。这个结果多少让笔者有些意外。要知道,在基础年级阶段,定语(从句)可没有少讲,也没有少练。更何况,在做题之前刚刚还进行过系统复习。可为什么我们花费了大量的时间和精力去讲解的知识点,在考试中却毫无用武之地?我们的学生依然是一见到定语(从句)就发怵,一见到定语(从句)就不懂,一见到定语(从句)就糊涂,更不用说应用定语(从句)来进行阅读理解等实际应用呢?
这些,只能说明一个事实:我们的训练还只是停留在语法知识点掌握上,还没有上升到实际运用这一层面上来。因此,我们的学生也就还没有真正意义上学会使用定语从句来进行有效的阅读理解。不能在实战中运用的语法知识在某种程度上就是无效知识,反过来也说明我们的教学低效甚至是无效。要想消除这种弊端,我们的定语(从句)教学从一开始就应该瞄准这三句话:认得出、懂得了、用得好。只有这样,我们的学生才能在实战中大显身手,百战不殆,也才能算是真正习得了定语(从句)这一语法知识。
因此,笔者并不急于讲解这篇文章的大意和答案,而是即兴设计了一个任务:即要求学生找出这篇文章中所有你知道的定语(从句)成分,并做简单分类(即认得出)。在此基础上追问他们一些与这些定语(从句)相关的理解问题(即懂得了)。而且还要能利用定语从句进行有效地阅读理解(即用得好)。
认得出:
定语的构成成分很多,笔者不想在此赘述。课堂上最忌讳的是长篇大论,学生要的不是高深的理论,要的是拿来就能用的实战技巧。这对于紧张复习的备考的高三学子尤为重要。因此,笔者只要求学生就这篇文章里前几段出现的定语成分做个简要的归纳,并要求他们总结出它们的特点。比如笔者要求他们注意这些定语的位置、长短、形式、词性等,并注意观察分析他们之间的关系。很快,学生就得出这样一些自己的认识:
定语多半为形容词如a better place, hard fact,rational optimist,Brilliant advances等;也有名词、数量词等做定语如science,ten billion different products等;单一的定语词多半在被修饰词的前面,如上所述;稍微长的在修饰词的后面,如a better place to live in中的to live in,它同时又是动词不定式做后置定语。这些后置定语多半与介词词组或非谓语动词有关,比如有的定语是介词短语如light from an oil lamp;有的定语是现在分词,如a candle providing one hour’s light;有的是过去分词如fact gathered through years of research.。有的干脆是一个句子,如any who lived before us。但不管是以那一种形式出现,他们都有一个共同特点,那就是在一个核心名词的前面或后面。
懂得了:
在帮助学生认得出的基础上,笔者开始引导他们理解这些定语(从句)。一句话,找出定语(从句)成分后,先把找出的成分翻译出来,再在其后加“的”,变成“……的……”这个结构。如a candle providing one hour’s light就可翻译成“一支提供一小时照明(光)的蜡烛”;再如fact gathered through years of research. 就可翻译成“经过多年研究得到的事实”;这样,学生对于定语从句的理解翻译就有了一定的实战经验。在下次遇到同样类型的文章时就可以大胆尝试边翻译边理解,并且能够运用所理解的内容进行阅读理解做题,也就是下面所说的“用得上”。
用得上:
识别是理解的前提,理解是运用的根本。但要知道,在语言学习中,运用才是王道。在高考阅读理解中,光能识别和理解定语(从句)是远远不够的。运用它们来做题,做好题才是关键。
因此笔者在学生理解的基础上,要求学生仔细观察和阅读作者的第一个观点的段落即(1) Shopping fuels invention段落。因为阅读题第64小题如是提问:How does Ridley look at shopping?可知是与作者这段的观点有关。仅看标题是不能完全准确定位答案的。但我们可以引导学生观察文段里使用最多的定语及其结构就可以得出结论。在这段里仅more这一个作为定语成分的词就出现了三次,还有另外两个比较级词语bigger,better词语来支撑这段末尾一句The more we specialize and exchange, the better off we’ll be.的观点,从而可以得出该题的正确答案选项为A. It encourages the creation of things. 如果不运用那些定语词(详见附录文章黑体部分)进行判定,答案是很难肯定的。
再如第65小题. The candle and lamp example is used to show that______. 这题如果通过对这两句中定语词(详见附录文章黑体部分)进行比较就可得知答案应该为D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods增加生产效率可降低商品成本. (这两句是a candle providing one hour’s light cost six hours’ work花费六小时工时;the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes’ work to pay for十五分钟工时。当然还有后面的更短工时的描述。)
而第66小题的回答是很费解的,对于文章最后一句的理解需建立在对其前面一个长句的理解上:A child that dies from indoor smoke in a village, where the use of fossil-fuel(化石燃料) electricity is forbidden by well-meaning members of green political movements trying to save the world, is just as great a tragedy as a child that dies in a flood caused by climate change.
这句是接着首句Mitigating(减轻) climate change could prove just as damaging to human welfare as climate change itself 来进一步表达作者的第三个观点的:(3) Let’s not kill ourselves for climate change
如果能深刻理解这个长难句,再结合对首句的和尾句的惯用法深刻寓意的理解,我们就能很顺利的推出66小题的答案。
笔者尝试给出上述段落特别是前两句的翻译以帮助学生理解文意,尤其是帮助理解定语在其中的运用(笔者尽量采取直译法以便帮助学生理解其定语(从句)成分):
事实证明,人们试图减轻气候变化的行为和气候变化本身对人类福祉的危害是等同的。在一个化石燃料发电被旨在拯救世界的绿色政治运动组织的好心人士禁止的村子里,一个小孩死于(他人)室内吸烟(排烟)与一个小孩死于气候变化引来的洪灾,同样是一个大悲剧。如果气候变化被证实是温和的,而削减碳的使用(排放)又带来真正的(民生)痛苦,我们可能(会)更清楚的发现我们(是在)为了止住鼻血而用止血带勒住我们的脖子。(或者译成:我们是在因噎废食)
这最后一句的意思是说人们对于气候变化过度的反应是很危险甚至有时候是致命的。但首句和末句的理解如果不是建立在对中间的这个长难句的理解基础上就不可能理解的这么深刻,对于题目的设问也就不可能拿捏的那么准确。由此可见,对定语(从句)的理解能在阅读中“用得上”就尤显重要。
无独有偶,2010年湖北英语卷英语阅读理解D篇中也有一个类似的长难句,而且结构十分相似:“someone who can’t express an idea after reading a text is just as ineffective as someone who hasn’t read it at all.” 。各位同仁不妨要求自己的学生试着运用学到的定语知识翻译理解一下。
综上所述,笔者认为:我们的教学不能只满足于基本知识的传授,还要上升到认得出、懂得了、用得好这一技能教学层面。而具体到定语(从句)的教学上,我们决不能仅仅停留在知识点的教学或复习上,要更充分利用高考真题中的定语(从句),要更好的利用它们对我们的教学进行反拨指导,要更深刻的挖掘它们在阅读理解中的实战作用。这样,我们的定语教学才不会于止步其表,流于低效。
附录:
Feeling blue about world? “Cheer up.” says science writer Matt Ridley. “The world has never been a better place to live in, and it will keep on getting better both for humans and for nature.”
Ridley calls himself a rational optimist―rational, because he’s carefully weighed the evidence;optimistic, because that evidence shows human progress to be both unavoidable and good. And this is what he’s set out to prove from unique point of view in his most recent book,The Rational Optimist. He views mankind as grand enterprise that,on the whole,has done little but progress for 100,000 years. He backed his finding with hard fact gathered through years of research.
Here’s how he explains his views.
(1) Shopping fuels invention
It is reported that there are more than ten billion different products for sale in London alone. Even allowing for the many people who still live in poverty,our own generation has access to more nutritious food, more convenient transport, bigger houses, better cars, and, of course, more pounds and dollars than any who lived before us. This will continue as long as we use these things to make other things. The more we specialize and exchange, the better off we’ll be.
(2) Brilliant advances
One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer-lived and freer than ever before is that the four most basic human needs ― food, clothing, fuel and shelter ― have grown a lot cheaper. Take one example. In 1800 a candle providing one hour’s light cost six hours’ work. In the 1800s the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes’ work to pay for. In 1950 it was eight seconds. Today it’s half second.
(3) Let’s not kill ourselves for climate change
Mitigating(减轻) climate change could prove just as damaging to human welfare as climate change itself. A child that dies from indoor smoke in a village, where the use of fossil-fuel(化石燃料) electricity is forbidden by well-meaning members of green political movements trying to save the world, is just as great a tragedy as a child that dies in a flood caused by climate change. If climate change proves to be mild, but cutting carbon causes real pain, we may well find that we have stopped a nose-bleed by putting a tourniquet(止血带) around our necks.
63. What is the theme of Ridley’s most recent book?
A. Weakness of human nature.
B. Concern about climate change.
C. Importance of practical thinking.
D. Optimism about human progress.
64. How does Ridley look at shopping?
A. It encourages the creation of things.
B. It results in shortage of goods.
C. It demands more fossil fuels.
D. It causes a poverty problem.
65. The candle and lamp example is used to show that_________.
A. oil lamps give off more light than candles
B. shortening working time brings about a happier life.
C. advanced technology helps to produce better candles.
D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods.
66. What does the last sentence of the passage imply?
A. Cutting carbon is necessary in spite of the huge cost.
B. Overreaction to climate change may be dangerous.
C. People’s health is closely related to climate change.
D. Careless medical treatment may cause great pain.
*(参考答案为:D, A, D, B)
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