no adj. & adv. △ No the teachers went on strike.  × There are no any students in the classroom.  ×     1.修饰可数名词单数时，no = not a I have no friends. = I don’t have a friend. There’s no bus. = There’s not a bus.     2. 修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词时，no = not any There are no people in the room. = There aren’t any people in the room. I have no time. = I have not any time. There is no water in the glass. = There isn’t any water in the glass.     3. no修饰名词时，这个名词前不能有冠词 (a / the)、物主代词(my / your…)、指示代词(this / that) 或all / every，如果有，要改为none of…。 none of = not any of None of my friends came to the party. = Not any of my friends came to the party. No teachers went out.　  (不说No the teachers went out.)   none  指人或指物, 其后常接of短语。 　　　  none of + 复数名词（或代词），其后的动词单复均可。 　　　  none of + 物质名词或抽象概念，其后的动词要用单数。   None of them have / has seen him. None of this money belongs to me. None of her relations are / is interested.   　  none 还可以单独使用，如： “Is there any coal left?”  “No, none at all.” “How many students are there in the classroom?”  “None.” “How many of the books have you read?”  “None at all.” “How much water left is there in the bottle?”  “None.”     比较：No one thinks he is clever.　  (= Nobody thinks he is clever.) 　　　  No one knows what they fought about. 　　　  No one likes a person with bad manners. “Who are you speaking to?”  “No one.”  (or: Nobody) “Who(m) did you see enter the lonely house?”  “Nobody.”  (or: No one) △　  No one of us attended the meeting.  × I’ve read no one of his books.  ×   1.　  none 用来指人或物；no one (= nobody) 主要用来指人 (= not even one 意为：连一个也没有，语气重)。 2.　  none常接of 短语；no one 不能接of 短语。 3.　  作主语时，none 后面的名词为复数时，动词可用单数或复数；no one 只用作单数，动词也用单数。 4.　  none 往往用在一定的范围内；no one 没有范围限制。 5.　  回答who引导的问句用no one或nobody；回答how many或how much引导的问句用none。 6.　  当谈到两个人或事时，不用no 或none，而用 neither。     much / many   △　  John’s got many friends because he’s got much money. Tom talks much.   1．much 修饰不可数名词，many 修饰可数名词，它们多用在否定句或疑问句中；在肯定句中多用a lot of, lots of, plenty of，如： Are there many people in the street?　  (改用any意思不同) Tom hasn’t many books.　 (改用any意思不同) He doesn’t know much English. Did you have much trouble with the customs?   2．many 和many 在较为正式的文体中可以用在肯定句中，特别是在句首时，如： Many machines at the exhibition are made in China. Much steel has been saved.   3．在肯定句中，在too, so, as之后，以及在某些含有very的词语中，常用many和much，这是正常的，如： Tom talks too much. There’s so much violence these days. Try to get as many opinions as you can. You’ve bought too many tomatoes.   4．在由whether / if 引导的从句中，要用many或much。 They doubt whether he has much knowledge on that subject.     few / a few Tom has a few friends besides you.  (作定语) Tom has a few friends besides you. Few of them are any good.  (作主语) A few of them are good. I know few of these people.  (作宾语) I know few of these people.   1．　  few修饰可数名词复数。   2．　  few (= not many; hardly any)含否定意义；a few (= some; several; a small number of) 含肯定意义。   3．　  not a few = no few = quite a few = a good few = many。   4．　  当 few受 every, last, past, next, some, very等词所修饰时，表示肯定意义，few之前不再有冠词。如：   In the last few minutes, he checked up his paper again. It took us some few days to repair the machine. They are very few in number. There were too few of them. He goes to see his grandma every few weeks.   5．　  在非正式文体中很少见，一般用或代替，如： Only a few people attended the meeting.   　 little / a little Little remains to be done about it.  (作主语) A little remains to be done. Please give me a little.  (作宾语) He knows a little of everything. There is very / but little time left.  (作定语) Don’t worry; you still have a little time.   1．　  little修饰不可数名词，表示“量”。   2．　  little含否定意义(反义词：much)；a little含肯定意义(反义词：none)。   3．　  在非正式英语中，一般很少用little，常用not much, only a little来代替，如： We haven’t got much money / time.   　 each 1.each作为限定词用（作定语），后接单数可数名词，如： Each day is better than the one before. There is a line of trees on each side of the street. 注：可以说：each sister, my sister(s)，但不可以说：each my sister。   2.当名词前有另一个限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词）时，要用each of，（这时的each是代词）后接复数名词，如： Each of my aunts gave me socks for Christmas. I’ve invited each of the students in turn. 　  注：名词前没有其他限定词不用each of，所以不能说：Each of aunts…。   3.each作为代词，也可以用在人称代词前，这时须加of，作主语时动词要用单数，如： Each of them / us had a try. Each of them is broken.  (cf. Each of the cups is broken.) Each of them has his own duty.   4.each本身可以独立用作代词，后面不接名词，不用of，作主语时动词要用单数，如： Each has his merits. I had some crazy dreams last night. Each was funnier than the last. 注：在这种情况下，以用each one为宜，显得更自然：   Each one was perfect.   Each one was funnier than the last.   5.each可以跟在主语之后作同位语，这时主语和动词均为复数，如： We each have our own attitude to bringing up children. The boys each have a new bike. 注：动词为 be或有助动词时，each应放在其后。   His sisters have each married businessmen.   The witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they said.
6.each还可以放在间接宾语之后，但一般不用在直接宾语的后面，如： She sent the children / them each a present. 不说：She kisses them each.
7.each还可以作副词，如： Give them two books each.  (= Give each of them two books.) The students have ten books each.   　 each / every
1．each从个体着眼，强调“每个”人或物的个别情况，表示“各个”；every从整体着眼，强调共同性，意为“个个都”（= all），但有时在句中使用时并无太大的区别，如： You look more beautiful every / each time I see you. I know every / each member of the family. Each / Every man carried a box on his shoulder.
2．each用于两者或两者以上；every用于三者或三者以上。
3．each可以作形容词、代词、副词；every只作形容词，只能在句中作定语。 可以说：　  each of the students  /  each of them 不说：　　  every of the students / every of them 也不说：　  Every goes in for sports. / Every was empty. 但可以说：  every one of the students / every one of them Every one (of the rooms) was full of people.
4．every后跟单数名词，所组成的短语作主语时，动词用单数，如： Every park is crowded on Sunday.  (cf. All the parks are crowded on Sunday.) He has read every book on the subject.  (= … all the books on …)
5．every可以表示“每隔……”，而each则无此意。 I go to Paris every six weeks or so.
6．every可以和not连用，表示否定，而each不行。 Not every man can do this kind of work.  (= Every man cannot do this kind of work.) (cf. Not all men can do this kind of work.  = All men cannot do this kind of work.)     one  1．one用来指包括说话者在内的、泛指的任何人。它只用于谈论泛指的人们，不专指某一个个人或确定的一批人、某一特定事件，也不能用来指不包括说话者在内的一群人。
2．one可以作主语或宾语，其所有格是one’s，反身代词是oneself。在美语中，句首用了one，后面可以用he，his，him和himself，如： One must love one’s country. One can’t be too careful, can one? One cannot succeed at this unless one / he tries hard. One should constantly think of one’s / his weakness.
3．one常用来代替或避免重复某个名词（单数可数），如： “Do you need my pen?”  “No, thanks. I have got one myself.” I haven’t got a raincoat. I’ll have to buy one. I’m looking for a house. I’d really like one with a garden.
  注①：one所代替的是同类事物中的“一个”，the one所代替的是同类事物中特指的“另一个”；it所代替的是前面提到过的同一事物；that可代替前面提到过的名词，用于特指，它只能代替事物，不能代替人（定语从句除外），如： I need a bike but I have no money to buy one. I need the bike but I have no money to buy it. This film is not so good as the one we saw last week.   注②：one前不仅可以有冠词，还可以有定语；但one的前面如果没有形容词，不可用a，如： “Do you have a bike?”  “Yes, I have one. I have a new one.” Your question is a difficult one. I like this book better than the one I read last time. The white horse is stronger than the black one.
4．one的复数形式是ones，用来代替可数名词复数，如： I have a new pen and several old ones. I don’t like coloured envelopes. I like white ones.
5．one不能代替不可数名词，如：milk, energy, happiness等。
6．one of之后用名词复数或复数代词 (us, them, you)，而动词用单数，如： One of my friends is a pilot. One of your cats has disappeared. 7．　  通常不说：your one(s) , my one(s) , his one(s) 而说：yours, mine, his Your car isn’t fast enough. Let’s take mine.  (不说：my one) 但有形容词时，则可以说：Let’s take my new one.   　 all  1． 作主语：All of my friends like riding. 　　　　　 All I want is a room somewhere. 　　　　　 All is going well. 　　　　　 All are here.
2． 作宾语：I’ll give you all you want. 　　　　　 I’ve read all of the book.
3．作表语：That’s all for today. Is that all you want to say / know?
4．作定语： All children can be naughty sometimes. All matter is composed of atoms.
5．作同位语： My friends all like riding.  (在动词之前) 　　　　　　　　 They have all gone to the park.  (在第一个助动词之后) 　　　　　　　　 We are all tired.  (在be动词之后) 　　　　　　　　 How kind you all are to me!  (强调表语并将其提前时，all在主语之后，系动词之前。) 　　　　　 注①：all作主语，若指人，表示三者以上的人，动词用复数；代表整体物、抽象概念或情况时，表示“一切；所有”，动词用单数。 　　　　　 注②：在人称代词前面，只能用all of，不用all，且代词用宾格，动词用复数。 　　　　　　　　 可以说：all of us, all of you, all of them 　　　　　　　　 不说：all us, all we, all you, all them或all they 　　　　　 注③：名词前有冠词、指示代词、所有格或其他限定词时，既可用all，也可用all of，意思不变，如： 　　　　　　　　 all (of) the papers,  all (of) my friends,  all (of) the water 　　　　　　　　 若名词前没有冠词、指示代词等，只可以用all，不用 all of。 　　　　　　　　  All roads lead to Rome. 　　　　　　　　  All hope is gone. 　　　　　　　　  All whisky is expensive. 　　　　　　  △特例：all one’s life  如：all his life, all my life。 　　　　   注④：all还可以放在直接宾语或间接宾语之后，但这个宾语必须是人称代词，如： 　　　　　　　　 Love to you all.  (不说：Love to the family all.) 　　　　　　　　 I’ve eaten them all.  (不说：I’ve eaten the cakes all.) 　　　　　　　　 I’ve finished it all.  (不说：I’ve finished the work all.) 　　　　 　　　但：all 不能用于表语之后，不可以说：This is it all. 　　　　　 all / every all 表示“大家都……”，或者“全部……都”，强调整体，注意力不在个体；every 表示整体的每个个体，尽管每一个个体加在一起也相当于一个整体，但不把各别个体单独看待，而当作整体的代表，从每一个个体着眼，如： He has read all the books on the shelf. He has read every book on the shelf. Every house in the street has been sold. All the houses in the street have been sold. Not every man can do this kind of work. Not all men can do this kind of work.
1．　  all 可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语；every只能作定语，不可以说：every of them。
2．　  all之后可以跟the或其他限定词；而every不能，不可以说：every the student(s)。
3．　  all可以与复数名词或动词连用；every之后的动词只能是单数。
4．　  all还可以跟单数名词连用，表示every part of (整个地)；every则没有此意，试比较： She was here all day.  (整天) She was here every day.  (每天)
5．　  every可以表示“每隔……的”，“每……中的”；all则没有这个意思，如： every three days / choose one out of every ten boys
6．　  不过，every 的合成词可以起名词作用，作主语、宾语等，如： Everyone is here.  (= All are here.) Everything is going well.  (= All is going well.)
  both 一、　  与名词或代词连用：   1．名词前没有限定词（如：冠词、物主代词、指示代词），both单独用，不加of，如： Both children have been to Beijing. Both answers are correct.
  2．名词前如果有限定词，both 或both of均可，如： Both (of) the girls are very diligent. Both (of) my children have been to Beijing. I want both (of) these books.
  3．与人称代词连用，要用both of，人称代词为宾格，如： Both of them / us were born on March 19th. The letter’s addressed to both of them / us / you. 不说：both we / both us / both them 但可以说：us both / them both , 如：He invited us both.
  4．both前面不能加冠词，不可以说：The both children have been to Beijing.
二、　  与动词连用（both指句子的主语）：
  1．在实义动词之前，如： 　　 We both like riding.   2．在be动词之后，如： 　　 You are both wrong.   3．在第一个助动词之后，如： They are both waiting for the bus. We must both go there.   4．强调表语并将其提前时，both位于主语之后，系动词之前，如： 　　 How silly you both are!   5．在疑问句的简略回答中，both须放在助动词或情态动词之前，如： “Were both of the cups broken?”  “Yes, they both were.” “Who can do it?”  “We both can.”
三、　  作代词单独使用： Both are right. I’ll take both, please. 记住下列句子：　  Both cats are asleep. 　　　　　　　　  Both the cats are asleep. 　　　　　　　　  Both of the cats are asleep. 　　　　　　　　  The cats are both asleep.
    either / neither 1．作为限定词，用于单数可数名词之前，不与其他限定词（如冠词、物主代词、指示代词）同时使用；either或neither之后不加of，所构成的词组作主语时，动词用单数，如： 可以说：either room, neither room, the room, my room; 不可以说：the either room, either my room, neither his parents. 例句：Either day is OK. 　　  You may take either road. 　　  Neither sentence is correct. 　　  Neither dictionary belongs to me. 注①　  either或neither都不能用作同位语。 注②　  either有时可以表示“两个都”，特别是后接side或end时，如： There are roses on either side of the door.  (= both sides)
2．作为代词可以单独使用，如： 　 Either will do. 　 You may take either with you. 　 Neither is mine. 　 “Which will you have?”  “Neither, thank you.”
3．作为代词还可以和of连用，后接复数名词，但名词前必须再有一个限定词（如冠词、物主代词、指示代词），如： 　 Either of the books will do. 　 Has either of your parents visited you? 　 Neither of these sentences is/are correct. 　 Neither of the books is/are very interesting.   不可以说：either of books；neither his parents。
4．在人称代词之前要用either of或neither of（代词要用宾格），如： 　 Either of you could do it. 　 Neither of them was / were in good health. 　 I have seen neither of them before.   注①：在带有either of作主语的句子中，动词一般用单数，如： 　 Either of the sisters knows English very well. 　 Either of the children is quite capable of looking after the baby.   但在否定句中，特别是在非正式文体中，却常用复数，如： 　 I don’t think either of them are at home.   注②：在neither of作主语的句子中，动词可用单数，也可用复数；在非正式文体中，复数更常见。   Cf. 　 Both of us are not teachers.  我们两个并非都是教师。 　 Neither of us is a teacher.　  我们两个都不是教师。 　 Either of us isn’t a teacher.　 我们两个都不是教师。 　 Neither of you can go. 　 Both of you can’t go. 　 △ both…not ≠neither   everyone / every one
  everyone只能指人（每人；人人）= everybody　　 作主语时动词用单数。   every one既可指人，又可指物（一般用来指物）　 　 In a small village, everyone knows everyone else. 　 Everyone is here. 　 I would like everyone to be happy. 　 Every one of the cups was broken. 　 Every one of us has an English-Chinese dictionary. 　 She took my bottles of whisky and emptied every one down the sink.
  注：在表示某种范围内的“每个人”时，everyone后通常接in + 集体名词；而every one则接of + 具体名词或代词（复数、宾格）。 可以说：every one of us / every one of the rooms； 不可以说：everyone of us / everyone of the rooms （everyone后不加of短语）。例如： Everyone in our class likes playing football. Every one of the students is getting ready for the exam. Every one of us is getting ready for the exam.   anyone / any one
  anyone只能指人（任何人）= anybody；其后不可用of短语。   any one既可指人，又可指物，意为“任何一个人（或物）”，表示只限一个；通常和of短语连用。例如： 　 Is there anyone at home? 　 Anyone can do that. Anyone knows that. 　 You may choose any one of them / these books. 　 Any one of us can do the work.   注：one + of ? 属格结构可用在every，each，any等限定词之后，如： 　 Every one of the cups was broken.   但用在each, any之后的one可以省略，如： 　 Each / Any (one) of us could have made the same mistake.     　 数含义单数复数
　  作主语、宾语、定语　  作定语　  作主语、宾语 泛指　  another　  other (boys)　  others 特指　　  the other　　  the other (boys)　  the others   1．another用于泛指三者以上的不定数目中的“另一个”、“类似的一个”（不加冠词），如： 　 I don’t like this one. Can you show me another? 　 Can I have another glass of beer? 　 That’s quite another matter.   注①：another还可以跟few，或以数字开头的复数名词连用，如： Another two weeks has passed. (= Two more weeks has passed.) They’ll stay here for another few months.   注②：another用作名词时，其复数形式为some others或some more，如： I don’t like these. Can you show me any others? (= any more)   注③：another用作形容词时，其复数形式为some other …, 或some more …, 如: Please let me see some other pens. (= some more pens)
2．other表示不确定数目中的“另外的或其他的（一些人或物）”，在句中用作形容词（本身没有复数形式！），修饰可数名词（单数或复数），如： 　 Have you got any other novels / colours? 　 There are other ways of doing this exercise. 　 You may ask some other people. 　 I’ll come again some other day. ▲ others在句中作代词用，可以充当主语或宾语，others = other + 复数名词，如： 　 Can you show me others? 　 Give me some others. 　 Do good to others.   注①：在列举不定数的人或事物时，可用some…some, 或some…others, 如： 　 Some prefer the films, (and) others the theaters. 　 Some metals are magnetic and others aren’t.   注②：当一群中某一分子与该群中其他分子比较时，须用other，试比较： 　 Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China. 　 Shanghai is bigger than any city in Africa.
3．the other   ① 用作代词时，表示“两者中另一个人或物”，（与one相对），如： 　  She has two sisters. One is a nurse and the other is a teacher.   ② 用作形容词时，表示确定数目中的“另一些，或其他的人或物”（两部分中的另一部分），如： 　 The post office is on the other side of the street. 　 Where are the other photos? 　 There are six students in the room. Four are boys; the other two are girls.
4．the others = the other + 复数名词，指除去一部分中“余下的当中的全部”，即：其余的。 　 This composition is better than the others. (= the other compositions) 　 Most of the students went out, but the others stayed at school. 　 We got home by 6 o’clock, but the others didn’t get back until 8 o’clock.   注：列举确定数目的人或事物时，可用one…the other, 或one (two)… the others …, 如: 　 One of my brothers is named Tom; the other (is) named Jack. 　 She has three daughters. One is a teacher, the others (are) doctors. (= the other two)   可以说：the other books，the other two，the other two books，the two other books，two other books。   不可以说：other two books。   复合不定代词： 1．someone之后的代词分别用he，his，him；everyone，anyone，none之后的代词可分别用he，his，him，也可用they，their，them。   比较：one之后的物主代词一般用one’s（但重复两次时则用his）； 　　　  one of ～s之后的物主代词一般用his； 　　　  each之后的代词可分别用he，his，him。 　 One has to take care of oneself and one’s family if one can. 　 If one wants to see the ruins, he must find his own guide. 　 One of the students hasn’t prepared his lessons very well. 　 Everyone must do his best to help others.
2．someone，anyone，everyone，no one仅指人，不接of短语； some one，any one，every one，none可指人，也可指物，可接of短语。
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