1. Focus your attention on the materials you are studying.
      将集中注意力在学习材料上。

      Attention is one of the major components of memory. In order for information to move from short-term memory into long-term memory, you need to actively attend to this information. Try to study in a place free of distractions such as television, music, and other diversions.
      注意力是记忆的主要成分之一。为了使信息从短期记忆转化为长期记忆，你需要积极地记忆这个信息。尝试在一个无干扰的地方学习，例如一个没有电视，音乐和其他娱乐活动的地方。

      2. Avoid cramming by establishing regular study sessions.
      有规律地学习，摒弃填鸭式学习方法。

      According to Bjork (2001), studying materials over a number of session's gives you the time you need to adequately process the information. Research has shown that students who study regularly remember the material far better than those who do all of their studying in one marathon session.
      根据比约克(2001)，研究材料的会话将给你充分的时间去处理信息。有研究表明，比起那些一口气用很长时间学习的学生，有规律地学习的学生记忆知识点的能力要好得多。

      3. Structure and organize the information you are studying.
      组织学习内容，搭建出框架。

      Try grouping similar concepts and terms together, or make an outline of your notes and textbook readings to help group related concepts.
      尝试将类似的概念和术语归于一类，或做一个概述的笔记和课本阅读以帮助归类相关的概念。

      4. Utilize mnemonic devices to remember information.
      利用关联助记方法来记住信息。

      Mnemonic devices are a technique often used by students to aid in recall. A mnemonic is simply a way to remember information. For example, you might associate a term you need to remember with a common item that you are very familiar with. You might come up with a rhyme, song, or joke to help remember a specific segment of information.

      记忆装置经常被学生用来帮助回忆。助记是一个简单记住信息的方法。例如，你可能将一个术语与你很熟悉常见的物品联系在一起。你可以想出一个韵律、歌曲、或笑话来帮助记住一段特定的内容。

      5. Elaborate and rehearse the information you are studying.
      细致地复述所学的内容。

      In order to recall information, you need to encode what you are studying into long-term memory. One of the most effective encoding techniques is known as elaborative rehearsal.
      为了回忆内容，你需要将你所学的东西转化为长期记忆。其中一个最有效的转化方法，就是详细地复述所学内容。

      6. Relate new information to things you already know.
      将新旧内容联系在一起。

      When you are studying unfamiliar material, take the time to think about how this information relates to things that you already know. By establishing relationships between new ideas and previously existing memories, you can dramatically increase the likelihood of recalling the recently learned information.
      当你学习不熟悉的材料时，花时间去思考你已知了的涉及这信息的内容。通过建立新的想法和旧记忆之间的关联，回忆最近了解到的信息的可能性会有很大的提升。

      7. Visualize concepts to improve memory and recall.
      通过视觉印象来提高记忆力。

      Many people benefit greatly from visualizing the information they study. Pay attention to the photographs, charts, and other graphics in your textbooks. If you do not have visual cues to help, try creating your own. Draw charts or figures in the margins of your notes or use highlighters or pens in different colors to group related ideas in your written study materials.
      许多人因可视化了他们学习的内容而受益匪浅。将注意力集中于在你的教科书上的照片、图表和其他图形。如果没有视觉线索来帮助你学习，那就尝试自己画一画。在笔记本留白的地方画一些图表或者在书面的学习材料上使用荧光笔或者彩色笔做标记。

      8. Teach new concepts to another person.
      将新内容教给另一个人

      Research suggests that reading materials out loud significantly improves memory of the material. Educators and psychologists have also discovered that having students actually teach new concepts to others enhances understanding and recall. You can use this approach in your own studies by teaching new concepts and information to a friend or study partner.
      研究表明，大声阅读可以极大地提升记忆力。教育家和心理学家也发现，学生教授他人新内容将能增强自身的理解和记忆。你可以通过给朋友或学习伙伴教授新内容，来提升自己的学习效果。

      9. Pay extra attention to difficult information.
      额外关注较难的内容。

      Have you ever noticed how it's sometimes easier to remember information at the beginning or end of a chapter? Researchers have found that the order of information can play a role in recall, which is known as the serial position effect.
      你有没有注意到有时记住一章的开头或结尾会很容易吗？研究人员发现，信息的顺序可以在回忆中发挥作用，这就是众所周知的系列位置效应。
      While recalling middle information can be difficult, you can overcome this problem by spending extra time rehearsing this information. Another strategy is to try restructuring what you have learned so it will be easier to remember. When you come across an especially difficult concept, devote some extra time to memorizing the information.
      回忆中间的信息是很困难的,你可以通过进行额外复习来解决这个问题。另一个策略是尝试重组你所学的知识，这样会更容易记住。当你遇到一个特别难的内容时，花一些额外的时间来记忆。

      10. Vary your study routine.
      改变你的学习习惯。

      Another great way to increase your recall is to occasionally change your study routine.If you study in the evening, try spending a few minutes each morning reviewing the information you studied the previous night. By adding an element of novelty to your study sessions, you can increase the effectiveness of your efforts and significantly improve your long-term recall.
      另一个增加你回忆的方式是偶尔地改变下你的学习习惯。如果你习惯于晚上学习，那每天试着花个几分钟回顾你前一天晚上学习的内容。在学习中加入一些创新的方法，可以提高你的学习效果，而且可以显著地提高长期记忆能力。

      11. Get some sleep.
      睡一会儿

      Researchers have long known that sleep is important for memory and learning. Some recent research has shown that taking a nap after you learn something new can actually help you learn faster and remember better.
      研究人员早就知道，睡眠对记忆和学习的重要性。最近的一些研究表明，学习新的内容后小睡一下可以帮助你更快地学习、更好地记忆。

      One study actually found that sleeping after learning something new actually leads to physical changes in the brain. Sleep deprived mice experienced less dendtritic growth following a learning task than well-rested mice.
      一项研究表明，学习新内容后睡觉会导致大脑产生生理性的变化。在学习一项新任务后，被剥夺睡眠的老鼠的树突细胞比休息过后的老鼠发育得更慢。

      So the next time you are struggling to learn new information, consider getting a good night's sleep after you study.
      所以下次当你正在努力吸收新知识时，你最好选择学习之后好好地睡上一觉。

 

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