which VS that

which和that都可指代物，有时候可以互换，有时却是“水火不容”：

一、只用that不能用which的情况：

（1）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时：

The most important thing that we should do is to study hard.

我们要做的最重要的事情就是努力学习。

（2）被修饰的先行词为all/ any/ much/ many/ everything/ anything/ none/the one等不定代词时：

Is there any thing that you want to buy?你有什么东西要买吗？

（3）先行词被the only/ the very/ the same/the last/ little/ few等词修饰时：

This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢的那本书。

（3）先行词里同时含有人和物时：

I can remember the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.

我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

（4）避免重复：

Which is the pen that belongs to you?哪支笔是你的？

（5）主句是there be结构：

There is a pen on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那支笔是汤姆的。

二、只用which，而不用that的情况：

（1）先行词为that/ those时：

What’s that which is under the desk？在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？

（2）关系代词前有介词时：

This is the city in which he lives.这是他生活的城市。

（3）引导非限制性定语从句：

Tom passed the exam, which made us surprised.汤姆通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。

that VS who

两者均可指人，有时可互换：

All that /who heard the news were sad. 所有听到消息的人都很伤心。

He is the only one among us that/ who knows Spanish.他是我们中间唯一懂西班牙语的人。

一、只用that不能用who的情况：

（1）当先行词指人又指物时：

I remember the persons and pictures that I saw in the museum. 我记得在博物馆看到的那些人和图片。

（2）避免重复：：

Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯？

（3）当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时（可省略）：

Jack is not the boy (that) he was ten years ago.杰克不再是十年前那个样子了。

二、只用who不能用that的情况:

（1）先行词为one、ones或anyone ：

Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 所有违法的人都该受到惩罚。

（2）先行词为those且指人 ：

Those who break the law will be punished. 违法的那些人都会受到惩罚。

（3）在there be开头的句子中：

There is a student who wants to see you.

（4）避免重复：

Who is the boy that is writing？正在写字的那个男孩是谁？

（5）在非限制性定语从句中:

I have a good friend, who comes from the USA.

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